How does fiber optic communication work?
The fiber optic communication
process transmits a signal in the form of light which is first converted into
light by electrical signals and transmitted, then vice versa occurs on the
receiving side.
Transmitter side:
On the transmitter side, first if
the data is analog, they are sent to an encoder or converter circuit which
converts the analog signal into digital pulses of 0,1,0,1 ... (depending on how
the data is) and passes through a light source transmitter circuit. And if the
input is digital, it is sent directly through the light source transmitter
circuit which converts the signal into light waves.
Fiber optic cable:
The light waves received from the
transmitter circuit to the fiber optic cable are now transmitted from the
source position to the destination and received in the receiver block.
Receiver side:
Now on the receiver side, the
photocell, also known as a light detector, receives the light waves from the
fiber optic cable, amplifies it using the amplifier and converts it into the
appropriate digital signal. Now, if the output source is digital, the signal no
longer changes and if the output source needs an analog signal, the digital
pulses are converted back to an analog signal using the decoder circuit.
The whole process of transmitting
an electrical signal from one point to another by converting it into light and
using a fiber optic cable as a transmission source is known as fiber optic
communication.
Why is fiber used?
Fiber cables have replaced the
copper cable as a transmission cable, as it has more advantages than electric
cables.
Large transmission capacity: a
single silica fiber can carry hundreds of thousands of telephone channels,
using only a small part of the theoretical capacity.
Small losses: approximately 0.2
dB / km of signal is lost for modern single-mode silica fibers so that they can
connect many tens of kilometers without amplifying the signals.
Simple amplification: if
necessary, it is possible to re-amplify a large number of channels in a single
fiber amplifier for very long transmission distances.
Low cost: due to the high transmission
speed that can be obtained, the cost per bit transported can be extremely low.
Light weight: compared to
electric cables, fiber optic cables are very light.
No interference: fiber optic
cables are immune to problems that arise with electrical cables, such as ground
loops or electromagnetic interference (EMI).
The reasons clearly explain that
fiber optic cables are much better than copper coaxial cables and that is why
fiber optic cables are preferred over convention transmission media.
Characteristics of fiber optic communication
In fiber optic communication,
light is used as a signal that is transmitted within the fiber optic cable.
This mode of communication has important characteristics to discuss and makes it
a good mode of communication.
Bandwidth: the diffusion of
single laser light means that a good amount of signal (information transferred
in bits) can be transmitted per second, which translates into a large bandwidth
for long distances.
Smaller diameter: the diameter of
the fiber optic cable has a diameter of approximately 300 micrometers.
Lightweight: the fiber optic
cable is lighter than the copper cable.
Long distance signal
transmission: Since the laser light does not disperse, it can easily be
transmitted over long distances.
Low attenuation: the fiberglass
is crossed by a laser, the transmitted signal has a loss of only 0.2 dB / km.
Transmission security: optical
encryption and the absence of the electromagnetic signal make the data
protected in optical fiber.
Fiber optic applications
Fiber optic communication is
mainly used in the telecommunications sector, which uses fiber optics to:
- Transmission of telephone signals.
- Internet communication.
- Cable TV signal transmission.
In addition, optical fiber is
currently used everywhere in homes, industries, offices for long distances, as
well as for communication over small distances.
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